00015自考英语(二)语法精讲文档(十三)

【冠词】

一、冠词的种类

冠词可分成不定冠词  a  ，  an  和定冠词  the  。

二、泛指和特指的定义

1．泛指：一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指

a）未明确交待的人或事物

I met her in acoffee shop near the station. 我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。

b）表明数量“一”

Heasked for a book and two magazines. 他要一本书和两本杂志。

2．特指：具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意思是“这，那”。下列三种情况为特指。

1）上文提到过的人或物

I bought a book yesterday. The book is of great value.

昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。

2）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物

—— When will the meeting beheld?

—— At 2:00 o’clock in the afternoon.

3）带有限制性的后置定语

The movie directed by Mr. Zhang Yimou was a great hit.

张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。

三、冠词使用的基本规则

1  ．可数名词

表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a（an），复数名词不用冠词。

表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。

2．物质名词和抽象名词

物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。

Bloodis thicker than water. 血浓于水。

Wisdomis better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。

特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。

The snow in front of the house is beginning to melt. 房前的雪开始融化了。

a(n) 与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。

Maotai is anexcellent wine. Bring me a coffee, will you?

四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况

1．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。

thesun, the moon, the earth, the world, the sky

2．用于表示方位名词，序数词和形容词最高级之前。

sailto the east turn to theright

This is the most expensive of all the clothes.

This is the third time that he has been elected chairman of theStudent Union.

3．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。

Iwas brought up to respect the old. 我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。

Thebeautiful can never die. 美是永恒的。

4．用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。

thePacific（Ocean）太平洋 the South-China sea 南中国海

the Sahara 哈拉沙漠 the Persian Gulf 波斯湾

the Beijing Station 北京车站

5．用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。

The Turners are sitting at lunch table. 特纳一家正吃午饭。

6. 由普通名词构成的专有名词（如国家，党派等）前。

例：the United States; the Communist Party of China

7. 用在表示发明物的单数名词前。

The telephonewas invented by Bell.

8．用在某些固定短语中：

onthe spot 当场 on the whole 总的来说

forthe most part 多半，在多数情况下 out of the question 不可能

五、不用冠词的其他几种情况

1． 物质名词，抽象名词（见第三章），人名，地名等专有名词前。

Air is importantto us.

Beijing is thecapital of China.

2．表示季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词之前。

Ilike spring most. I’m going to return to England at Christmas Day.

若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。

Thewar broke out on the spring of 1942.

3．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前

Heis good at maths. I like playing football.

Ioften go to school without breakfast.

注：强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。

Mothercooked me a nice dinner this morning.

Thedinner cooked by my mother tastes delicious.

4．表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。

Hehas been elected chairman of the student union.

Mandela, president of South Africa,was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in 1997. 南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。

5. 在与by 连用的交通工具名称之前。

例:by taxi, by bike, by boat

但注意：get into a taxi, take a bus, on the train 等表达形式。

6．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。

at present 目前 take part in 参加 in peace 平安，平静 by chance 碰巧

注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。

at table 在进餐 in hospital 住院

at the table 坐在桌子旁 in the hospital 在医院工作或参观等

be in charge of 负责… outof question 不成问题

be in thecharge of 由…负责 out of the question根本不可能

by day在白天

by the day按天计算

171. have got to   不得不

It's too late and I have got to go right now.     172. have sth. on   穿着   ……     The emperor had nothing on, for he believed that he had had the most beautifulnew clothes in the world.     173. use one's head   动脑子     Use your head and you'll work it out by yourself.     174. hear about   听说     I've just heard about his dismissal.     175. hear from   有   ……   的消息     I haven't heard from you for a long time.     176. hear of   听说     I've never heard of that place.     177. learn/know sth. by heart   把   ……   牢记     If you have learned/known a great deal of poems by heart, you will know how towrite poems by yourself.     178. say hello to…   向某人问好     Please say hello to your parents for me.     179. help oneself to   随意     Make yourself at home. Help yourself to some fish.     180. help sb. with sth.   帮助某人做某事     I should thank you for helping me with English.     181. help out   帮   ……   出困境     I don't know how to translate the passage. Please help me out.     182. hold on   别挂电话     -- Is that Mary speaking?     -- Hold on, please. I'll get her.     183. hold out   伸出     Hold your right arm out and let me examine it.     184. hold up   举起     He is such a proud men., always holding his head up.     They were held up by the immigration authorities.     185. hurry up   快点     Hurry up or we'll be late.     186. insist on   坚持     He insisted on his innocence.     The little boy insisted on doing it by his own.     187. join in   加入     Why don't you join in the conversation?     187. join up   连接起来     We should join up and take actions to defend ourselves.     188. keep a record   做记录     When you do an experiment, you'd better keep a record.     189. keep back   扣     They keep back $200 a month from my salary for National Insurance.     190. keep fit   保持身体健康     Nowadays keeping fit is a hot topic of people's conversations and focus ofmagazines and newspapers.