考前|00015自考英语(二)语法精讲文档(五)

【定语从句】

定语从句（  AttributiveClauses  ）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：  who, whom,whose, that, which, as  。

关系副词有：  when,where, why, how  。

关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

1    、关系代词引导的定语从句

1) who, whom, that  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?  （  who/that  在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.  （  whom/that  在从句中作宾语）

2) whose  用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同  of which  互换），例如：  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

3) which, that  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in thecountrysid  （  which / that  在句中作宾语）

The package(which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that  在句中作宾语  )

*  关系代词  that  和  which  都可以指物，  that  和  Who  都可以指人，其用法区别：

1）不用  that  的情况：

a)  在引导非限定性定语从句时

(  错  )The tree,that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b)  介词后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

c)  多用  who  的情况

①关系代词在从句中做主语

A friend who helps you in time of need is areal friend.

②先行词为  those,people  时

Those who were either fools or unfit fortheir offices could not see the cloth.

③先行词为  all,anyone, ones, one  指人时

One who doesn't work hard will neversucceed in his work.

④在  There be  句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.

⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who willteach you German.

⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用  who  ，其二用  that,  但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

The student who was praised at the meetingis the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.

There is a teacher who is always ready tohelp others and who enjoys what he does.

2)只能用  that  作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)  在不定代词，如：  anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little  等作先行词时，只用  that  ，不用  which  。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

Finally, the thief handed everything thathe had stolen to the police.

b)  先行词有  the only, the very, the just  修饰时，只用  that  。

Heis the very man that helped the girl out of the water.

c)  先行词为序数词  (the last)  、数词、形容词最高级时，只用  that  。

The first English book that I read was"The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.

d)  先行词既有人，又有物时。

He talked about the teachers and schoolsthat he visited.

e)  当主句是以  who  或  which  开始的特殊疑问句时，用  that  以避免重复。

Who is the person that is standing at thegate.

f)  关系代词在从句中做表语

He is not the man that he used to be.

2    、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

关系副词  when,where, why, how  的含义相当于  "  介词  + which"  结构，因此常常和  "  介词  + which"  结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when (on which) onemust yield.

Beijing is the place where (in which) I wasborn.

Is this the reason why (for which) herefused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how (by which) heworks out the problem.

注意：

①在非限制性定语从句中，  "  介词  + which"  结构不能代替关系副词。

如：  They set upa state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.

②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。

Is this the book which (that) she waslooking for?

3  、名词  /  数词  /  代词  /  形容词最高级  +  介词  +  关系代词引导定语从句

She has written a book , the name of whichI have forgotten.

There are fifty-five students in our class, all of whom are working hard.

There are five continents in the world ,the largest of which is Asia.

4  、  as, which  引导非限定性定语从句的差别

由  as, which  引导的非限定性定语从句，  as  和  which  可代整个主句，相当于  and this  或  and that  。  As  一般放在句首，  which  在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one'shealth.

The sun heats the earth, which is veryimportant to us.

as  可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。

As is know, smoking is harmful to one'shealth.

用法区别：

(1) as  引导的定语从句可置于句首，而  which  不可。

As we all know, he never smokes.

(2) as  代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用  which  。

(3)  非限定性定语从句中出现  expect, think, suppose  等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。

She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.

(4)As  的用法  the same  …  as; such  …  as  中的  as  是一种固定结构  ,  和……一样……。

I should like to use the same tool as isused here.

We should have such a dictionary as he isusing.

76. cross   用法：   cross off   划掉，   crossone’s mind, cross out, bear one’s cross   忍受痛苦

Note:   作形容词一般用于   be cross with sb. = be angry with sb.77. crowd   用法：   be crowded withNote:   集合名词，谓语动词单复数由其表示的意思决定。   78. cure   用法：   cure sb. of …Note: cure   强调治愈，表示结果；而   treat   知表示动作。   79. cut   用法：   cut down/up/offNote:   作名词时   a short cut   表示捷径。   80. damage   用法：   do damage to sb. = do sb. harmNote:   表示损害的时候不可数，复数形式可以表示赔偿费。   81. danger   用法：   in danger   表示处于危险的境地。   Note:   表示一般概念时不可数，表示具体危险时可数。   82. dare   用法：作为情态动词一般用于否定句，疑问句或者条件状语从句；作为实意动词后跟不定式。   Note: I dare say that….   意为：我猜测，可能，或许。   83. dark   用法：   before/after dark; in the darkNote:   可以表示深色的，如：   dark blue.84. deal   用法：   a great/good deal of   修饰不可数名词。   Note:   作动词时构成短语   deal with,   常与副词   how   搭配。   85. defeat   用法：及物动词，后面的宾语是国家，队，军队等名词。   Note:   不能用人作宾语。   86. demand   用法：   demand to do; demand that…, demand of sb. to do sth.Note:   后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：   demand that sb. (should) do   的形式。   87. depend   用法：   depend on sb./ sth. / one’s doing sth. / to do sth.     Note: depend   不及物动词，常和   on   连用。意为   “   依靠，信赖   ”88. desert   用法：名词表示沙漠；动词表示抛弃。   Note:   可以用过去分词作表语或定语，表示废弃的，如：   a deserted house.89. determine   用法：   determine to do; determine sb. to doNote:   过去分词表示有决心的，可以说   be determined to do sth.   决心做   …(   表示状态   )90. devote   用法：   devote oneself to; be devoted toNote:   与   devote   搭配的   to   是介词，后面接名词或动名词。如：   His whole life was devoted to teaching.

91. die   用法：   die of/from/for/out/ away

Note:   点动词，不与   for   引起的时间状语连用。   92. difficulty   用法：   have difficulty with; have difficulties with sth. ; have difficulty indoing sth. ;Note:   表示一般概念时不可数，表示具体困难时可数。   93. disagree   用法：   disagree with sb.Note: disagree   虽然在形式上有否定前缀，但并不是个否定词。注意它的反义问句形式：   He disagreed with you, didn’t he?94. distance   用法：   in the distance; at a distanceNote:   可用于引申含义，表示时间上或情感上的距离。   95. divide   用法：   divide…into…   表示把   ……   分成几份。强调分成等份。   Note:   可以表示除法，如：   Nine divided by three is three.96. do   用法：   do away with, do sb. a faour; do up; do with., do wonders, do sb. wrong= do wrong to sb.Note:   主要用作及物动词；不及物时表示   “   行   ”   ：   If you have no pen, pencil will do.97. doubt   用法：   doubt sb. / sth. , beyond doubt, in doubt, no doubt, without a doubtNote:   主句是否定句时宾语用   that   引导；主句是肯定句时宾语用   whether / if   引导。   98. downtown   用法：副词，前面不加介词，如：   go downtown.Note:   可用作定语，如：   a downtown street.99. draw   用法：   draw a picture/the curtainNote:   引申含义表示得出，如：   draw a conclusion/lesson.100. dream   用法：   dream of/about/that…