00015自考英语(二)语法精讲文档(二)

【   第   20   讲：非谓语动词】

不定式（  infinitive  ）、分词（  participle  ）、动名词（  gerund  ）是非谓语动词，在句子中不能作谓语。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。（√表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，×则表示不可以。）

非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下：

作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式

1  ）现在分词表示主动，译为“令人……”；过去分词表示被动，译为“感到…这”是两者最重要的区别

The weather of this summer isdisappointing.

My parents will be disappointed with me if Ifail the exam.

描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。

描述人的情感一般用过去分词。

I don’t think it surprising for such a bad manto have been punished.  （  it  指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事）

Therewas a surprised expression in her eyes.  她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。（人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词来修饰  expression  ）

2  ）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作已完成。

Power stations employ  falling  waterto produce electricity.

The ground is covered with  fallen  leaves.

a）分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：

doing   done

having done  S  （主语）   +  V  having been done  S  （主语）   +  V

Not understanding its meaning,he asked the teacher to explain the word.  （表原因：  understanding  与句子主语  he  之间是主动关系，同谓语动词  asked  同时发生）

Having made a decision, theyimmedia电话y set out to work.  （表时间：  make a decision  与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词  set out  之前）

Having been experimented manytimes, this new product will be put into mass production.  由于这一新产品已实验过多次，不久将投入批量生产。（表原因：  experimented  与主语  product  为被动关系，且先于谓语动词  put  之前发生）

例：   They, having made a decision, setout to work.

选择：   The research is so designed thatonce_____nothing can be done to change it.

A. beginsB. having begun C. beginning D.begun

本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有   be  时，可省略从句主语及  be  。省略后的形式如下：

(1) when  （  while, until, once, as, if, though  等）  + doing  从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系

（  2) when  （  while, until, once, as, if, though  等）  + done  从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系

表示“某一事件的开始”，  begin  既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式：（  1  ）  Once itbeings  。这种形式，不具备省略条件。    （   2   ）   Once it isbegun   。具备省略条件（有   be   ）。省略后的形式为：   Once begun，   所以本题选   D   。

b）分词作伴随状语时  ,  其形式为：（  1  ）  doing  （  2  ）  done  。究竟用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系

“We can’t going out in thisweather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.

The boy sat in the dark room, frightened andtrembling.  男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。

Generally speaking  一般地说  Strictly speaking  从严格意义上说

Judging from / by  …   根据…判断  Given / Allowing for  考虑到

Given their inexperience,they have done a good job.  在缺少经验的情况下，他们的工作算是做得不错。

1  ）目的

To win over the undecided voters, they areworking twice as hard.

为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来，他们正在加倍努力工作。

He got up early not to miss the first bus.  （  not to  也可用  so as not to  或  in order not to  这一强调形式）

2  ）结果

不定式作结果状语，常见结构有：

too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do

so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do

The boy is too young to dress himself.

He was too shrewd  （精明的）  abusinessman to accept our offer.

他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。

Will you be so kind as to turn down theradio ?  请把收音机开小一点。

He can’t have done such a terrible thing asto keep you waiting so long.

他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。

注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用  only  来加强意想不到的语气。如：  The news reporters hurried tothe airport ,only to be told the film stars had left.  然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加  thus,  加强必然的语气。  Thenew machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs.  新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。

3  ）方式状语

结构：   S  （人，物）  be + adjto do

特点（  1  ）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语

（  2  ）形容词为：  easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous  等。

1.Some books are interesting to read, butboring to learn.

有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。

2.The 电话ephone number is easy toremember.  他的电话号码很难记。

3.That man is difficult to deal with.  那个人很难对付。

4.The river is dangerous to swim  in  .

注意：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主要形式；若不定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例  4  。

4  ）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。

I am shocked to hear the news of his suddendeath.

You weresilly not to have locked your car.

1. _____ of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with afriend ____ her.

A. Warning, following B.Having warned, following

C. Having been warned,following D. Warned, followed

2. Michael never dreamt of ___ for him to be sent abroad very soon. A. being a chance B. there’s a chance

C. there to be a chance D.there being a chance

3. Farmland ___ quickly, so they are considering _____ a programme tosolve the problem.

A. is getting lost,starting B. is lost, to start

C. is losing, starting D.loses, to start

4. Which do you enjoy ______ your holiday, going abroad or staying athome?

A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend

5. This problem is far from, so it has to be discussed again at tomorrow’s meeting.

A. settled B. settlingC. being settled D. beingsettling

6. What is the way George thoughtof enough money to buy thehouse? A. to get B. gettingC. having got D. being got

7. —Henry doesn’t seem like thesame person. — so much in the war has made him morethoughtful.

A. For him to see B. His seeingC. Having seen D. To be seeing

8 . —I really appreciate to holiday with you on this niceisland . —It’s my pleasure . A. have time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time

9 .They really have a great time too , designing everything , drawingthe blue prints , the angles and soon .

A. looking out B. taking out C. finding out D. figuring out 10. David apologized for ______ to informme of the change in the plan. A. hisbeing not able B. him not to be able C.his not being able D. him tohe not able

11. At the seventh International Ballet Competitions , Fernando Bujoneswon the first gold medal ever to anAmerican male dancer .

A. awarded B. to be award C. being awarded D. should be awarding

12.The student, if well _____ ,will pass the examination without much difficulty. A. preparing B. prepared C. to prepare D. ready

13. a little money , Janewas able to buy her mother a lovely new watch . A. To save B. SavingC. Saved D. Having saved 14.We saw new houses wherever we went on our visit.

A. built B. being built C. building D. to build

15.That gas pipeline project,in July 2002 and in 2005,will be China’s longest gas pipeline in history.

A. starting; completing B. started; to be completed C. to start; completed D. starting; completed

16. Tom does speak Chinese well, but his reading and writing skillsleave much _______.

A. to improve B. to be improvedC. improving D. improved

17. To get an education, _______.

A. working hard is veryimportant B. working hard isneeded C. one must work hard D. it is needed to work hard

18.—Where is our English teacher?

—She is in the classroom,_____ the exercises _________ the students have done at home.

A. explaining; / B. explaining;for C. explained; to D. explained; from

19. Comparison may make something appear more beautiful than it iswhen alone. A. to seeB. seeing C. is seen D. seen 20.—What happened to you on your wayback to the ho电话 last night ?

—I lost my way in completedarkness and , things worse , itbegan to pour .

A. makingB. to make C. having made D. made

21. It rained nonstop forten days , comple电话y ourholiday. A. to ruin B. ruinedC. having ruined D. ruining

22. ______ as the “First Lady of Speech”, Dr Lillian Glass isrecognized as one of the world’s leading experts on communication skills. A. KnowingB. Having known C. Known D. Tobe known

23.At the computer operation test, one is supposed to stay at his ownmachine, keep his eyes on his screen, ______ to anyone.

A. and not to speak B. but could not speak C. instead of speaking D. or rather speak

24. The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.

A. being robbed B. to have been robbed C. robbed D. having been robbed

25. He sat back on the chair, took a book and began to read, ___. A. being looked at ease B. looked rather at ease C. to look rather at ease D. looking rather at ease

26. With online course Crazy English has over 20 million students allover China the class through theInternet .

A. attend B. attended C. attending D. to be attending

27. In order not to be disturbed,I spent three days in mystudy. A. locking B. lockedC. to lock D. lock

28. As we all know, it was _____ that resulted in the terrible caraccident. A. because of hercarelessness B. her being careless C. because she was careless D. she was so careless

29. With a lot of difficult problems ____, the manager felt worried allthe time. A. settled B. to be settled C. settling D. to settle

30. ____ at a college or university in the USA, Chinese and otherinternational students must demonstrate a strong ability in spoken and writtenEnglish. A. Having been accepted B. To be accepted

C. Being accepted D.Accepted

【答案与解析】

1. C

warn  这一动作发生在主句动作  had to go  之前，应用  -ing  的完成形式，且与主句的主语存在着被动关系；  a friend  与  follow  之间是主动关系。故选  C  。

2. D

of  为介词，后应用  -ing  形式，且此处是  there be  结构。故选  D  。

3. A

由题意知，农田逐步消失，故应用  is getting lost  ，表示渐进的过程；  consider  作考虑讲时，后应接动词的  -ing  形式或带有疑问词的不定式结构。故选  A  。

4. B

此题极易受  enjoy  后接动词  -ing  形式的干扰，从而错选  A  或  C  。其实，  enjoy  的宾语是  which  ，即在  going abroad  与  staying at home  作出选择；  to spend yourholiday  是作目的状语的。故选  B  。

5. C

介词  from  后应用动词的  -ing  形式，且  settle  与  problem  之间存在着被动关系，故选  C  。

6. A

此题可采用减元法。  George thoughtof  是  way  的定语从句，可以去掉，则该句变为  What is theway_____ enough money to buy the house  ？  way  的定语可用  to do  或  of doing  。故选  A  。

7. B

很明显答语在结构上缺少主语。  To do  与  -ing  都可充当主语，但  to do  充当主语多表示某一具体的动作，且多表将来。故选  B  。

8.B appreciate enjoy finish avoid  动词后应用动词的  -ing  形式充当宾语。故选  B  。

9. D figure out  与  design  ，  draw  是并列的，作状语，结构形式上也应一样。故选  D  。

10. C  介词  for  后应用动词的  -ing  形式，排除  B  、  D  ；所有非谓语动词的否定词  not  都应加在非谓语动词之前，即  not to do ,notdoing, not having done, not done,  故选  C  。

11. A  本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。  award  与修饰的名词  medal  存在着被动关系，且发生在主句动作  won  之前，故选  A  。

12.B  本题考查过去分词充当条件状语的用法。此题可采用增元法，把  if  从句补全为  if he iswell_______ ,  显然，  B  为正确答案。

13.D  本题考查现在分词充当原因状语的用法。  save  这一动作发生在主句动作之前，且动作发出者为主句的主语  Jane  。故选  D  。

14. B

本题考查非谓语动词充当宾语补足语的用法。过去分词表示被动和完成，  -ing  形式表示正在进行；在  see  、  watch  、  make  、  hear  等词后的宾语补足语应用不带  to  的不定式，表示动作的全过程。本句句意为不管我们到哪儿参观，都看到新房子正在建设，且  build  与  houses  存在被动关系；故选  B  。

15. B

本题考查非谓语动词充当定语的用法。  start  发生在过去，  complete  将发生在将来，且都与  project  存在着被动关系。故选  B  。

16. B

improve  与  much  之间存在被动关系，且还未发生；若用  improved  ，则表示已完成。故选  B  。

17. C

非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语要和主句的主语保持一致。  to get  的逻辑主语应为  one(  人  )  。故选  C  。

18. A

explain  的逻辑主语是  she  ，用  explaining  表伴随状语，  the students havedone at home  为定语从句，省略了关系代词  that/which  。故选  A  。

19. D  本题可采用增元法。  When itis_____alone(  当单独看它时  )  。显然，  D  为最佳选项。

20. B

tomake things worse/worse still/what  ’  s worse  更糟糕的是，是一固定短语，多充当插入成份。故选  B  。

21. D

本题的语言环境为雨连续下了  10  天，把我们的假期完全破坏了。动词的  -ing  形式在此作结果状语。故选  D  。

22. C

know  与  Dr Lillian Glass  存在被动关系，应用过去分词。故选  C  。

23. A

notspeak  与  to stay at his own machine  ，  keep his eyes onhis screen  是并列关系，形式应一致。故选  A  。

24. B

动词不定式完成时的用法有二一是表示过去完成的动作，二是表示与过去事实相反的动作。本题考查  Sb isreported/said to do  结构中完成时的用法。故选  B  。

25. D

本题考查  -ing  形式作伴随状语的用法。  and  放在  began  前表示  sat  、  took  与  began  是并列的，  look  发出的动作作伴随。故选  D  。

26. C

本题考查  have sb do/doing  ；  have sth done  的用法区别。  have sb do  让某人做某事，  have sb doing  ，让某人处于某种状态，  have sth done  让别人做某事。故选  C  。

27. B

本题应跳出思维定势的干扰，不是考查  spend some timedoing  的用法。此句的语义环境为为了不被打扰，我把自己关在书房里呆了三天。  lock in my study  作伴随状语。故选  B  。

28. B

本题可采用减元法，把强调句型中的  It was  …  that  …去掉，就不难看出该句缺少主语。  Her beingcareless  是  -ing  形式复合结构，在句中充当主语。故选  B  。

29. B

本题考察  with+  宾语复合结构的用法。用动词不定式  to be settled  作宾语补足语  ,  表示动作还未发生。经理之所以这么焦急是因为有很多困难要处理。

30. B

要想被美国的大学接受，外国留学生要有较好的口语和书面语的能力。动词不定式  to be accepted  在句中作目的状语。

31.  不定式可以作宾补，但在使役动词  let, make, have  。或感官动词  see, watch, lookat, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel  后作宾补时，常省去  to.  但在被动语态中，宾补变主补时，要加上  to.

31.blow   用法：   blow down/away Note:   表示风刮得很大时要用   blow hard. 32.boil   用法：   boiling   表示沸腾的；   boiled   表示煮过的。   Note: boiling point   可以表示沸点。   33.borrow   用法：   borrow   表示借入：   lend   表示借出。   Note:   点动词，不能表示借的时间长短。   34.breath   用法：   hold one’s breath;out of breath; save one’s breath Note: take a breath   表示深吸一口气；   takebreath   表示喘口气。   35.burn   用法：   burn down/up/one’s hand Note: burning   表示点着的；   burnt   表示烧坏的。   36.business   用法：   on business   表示出差；   in/outof business   表示开   /   关张。   Note:   表示商业时不可数，表示具体的行业时可数。   37.busy   用法：   be busy with/doing. Note:   不能说   My work is busy.   应说   Iam busy with my work. 38.buy   用法：   buy sth. for 5 dollars; buy sth. for sb. Note:   点动词，不能表示买的时间长短。   39.but   用法：   not…but.. but for next but one , have no choice bu to do sth., all but   几乎，差一点   Note: do nothing but do sth. nothing   前有   do   ，后面的   to   要省略。   Not only… but also…   引导的并列句，前倒后不倒。   cannothelp/ choose but do sth.   不能不，只能   40.by   用法：   by accident, by air/ sea/ train, by and by, by far, by force, bymistake, by chance, by the way Note: by way of   取道，经由。   by reason of   由于。   by   引导的时间状语一般句子用完成时态。   41.care   用法：   take care of; with care; care for/about Note: care about   表示在乎，常用于否定句；   care for   表示关心，喜爱，常用于肯定句。   42.carry   用法：   carry   表示搬运；   carry on   表示进行；坚持下去；   carry out   表示执行。   Note: carry   没有方向性，可以表示随身携带。   43.case   用法：   in case; in case of; in any case; in this/that case Note: in case   后面的状语从句可以用虚拟语气，即   in case sb. should do   的形式。   44.catch   用法：   catch the thief; catch fire; catch a cold; catch up with Note: be caught   表示陷入困境，如：   He was caught in the rain. 45.cattle   用法：集合名词，动词要用复数形式。如：   Cattle are raised here. Note:   一头牛可以用   a head of cattle.   注意十头牛用   tenhead of cattle   。