00015自考英语(二)语法精讲文档(十七)
发布时间:2019-08-28 23:21:38   来源:自考网语法部分
【时态】
在英语中,通过不同的时态,表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况,要准确地使用不同的时态,关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点,所考查的主要是一般过去时,现在完成时,现在进行时,过去进行时。
三、现在完成时
1 .表达形式:主动语态 have / has done ;被动语态 have / has been done
2 .基本用法:
1 )表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻,到说话时已完成,并与现在的情况有联系。
Ihave turned on the electric heater (电热器) in the room.
( I turned on the electric heater,and the room is getting warm now. )
He has taken away my reference book.
( He took away my reference book, andnow I can’t use it. )
选择: The price , but I doubt whether it will remainso.
A . went down B . will go down C . has gone down D . was going down
答案为 C 。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低,心怀疑虑,而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一动作引发的,故用现在进行时。
2 )表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在。可能刚结束,也可能继续下去。
Hehas been in Beijing for two years.
We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month.
自上个月我们分手以来,这里下了很多雨。
表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有 in the past ( last ) few years,ever since, so far, up to the present (直到现在), until now, in recent years 等。
选择:—— How are you today ?
—— Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.
A . didn’t feel B . wasn’t feeling C . don’t feel D . haven’t felt
答案为 D 。译:我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是:今天我身体状况最差,而这以前情况基本正常,即 not feel ill 。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。
关于现在完成时,请注意以下三点:
1 )现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系,它强调的是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史,不复存在,与现在无关系。
He has worked in Paris for two years. (现在人仍在巴黎。)
He worked in Paris for two years. (现在人已不在巴黎。)
2 )可用句型 It is + (一段时间) + since (主语) + (动词的过去时),解决瞬间动词不能与一段时间连用的矛盾。如:
It is ten years since he left Shanghai.
It is about two years since I got marriedto Jane.
3 )下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如:
It is thefirsttime ( that ) Ihave visitedChina. 我是我第一次访问中国。
This isthe most beautiful(形容词最高级) city that Ihave everseen. 这是我见过的最美丽的城市。
四、过去完成时
1 .表达形式 主动语态 had done ;被动语态 had been done
2 .基本用法
1 )在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。
例: He said that he had arrived three days before.
2 )动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。
例: By the time he came we had worked for two hours.
例 1 :—— Mary cameback yesterday.
—— Where she ?
A . had; been B . did; go C . has; been D . had; gone
答案为 A 。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前,她去过哪里”,属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。
例 2 : Until then,his family from him for two months.
A . didn’t hear B . hasn’t heard C . hadn’t heard D . heard nothing
译:到那个时候,他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。
答案为 C 。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候,而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种用法,应用过去完成时。
例 3 :用正确时态填空
I ( mean ) to go onMonday, but I have stayed at their request.
答案为 had meant 。动词 hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect 等,其过去完成时可表示“过去未曾实现的希望,打算或意图”。
五、现在进行时
1 .表达形式:主动形式: am / is / are doing
被动形式 am / is / are being done
2 .基本用法
表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
The students are preparing for the entranceexam at present.
表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程,需要用现在进行时。
Selecting a mobile phone for perponal useis no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.
请注意以下两点:
1 .现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:一般现在时表示的动作,其特征为经常性;现在进行时表示的动作,其特征具有暂时性。 经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。
例:—— Is this raincoat yours ?
—— No, mine there behind the door.
A . is hanging B . has hung C . hangs D . hung
答案为 A 。这段对话大多发生在下班,会议或社交活动结束后,人们各自找自己的雨具这样的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的,故用现在进行时。
2 .进行时与 always, continually, constantly, forever 等副词连用,作为一种修辞手段,用于表达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。
He isalways thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。(赞扬)
At school he was constantly playingtrick on others. 在校读书时,他老是捉弄人。(厌恶)
词组:
241. have/hold ameeting 开会
It's urgent to have/hold a meeting about this matter.
242. take a message for 给某人带消息
Kate is not in. Shall I take message for her?
243. make a mistake 犯错误
It's nothing serious to make a mistake, as long as you realize it and correctit.
244. move on 继续前进
After a short rest the troop moved on towards east.
245. make a noise 发出噪声
Don't make a noise outside. The baby is still asleep.
246. take part in 参加活动
There are three hundred people taking part in the international conference.
247. pay… a visit 拜访
Next month, the president will pay a visit to a neighbor country.
248. pay back 还债
I worked hard in order to pay back what I owed to others.
249. pay for sth. 为 …… 付款
He'll have to pay for this foolish behavior.
250. pay off 把债还清
After ten years' hard work I finally paid off the debt.
251. pick out 辨别出;挑选
I looked about to pick out my friends in a crowd.
The coach intended to pick out some talented youngsters to the training team.
252. pick up 拾起来;不太费力地学得一种外语
This what I picked up on the beach this morning.
It's easy for a child to pick up a foreign language when abroad.
253. take one's place 代替某人
Mr. Samuel is sick, so his assistant came to take his place.
254. take place 发生
The story took place in a small village in 1950's.
255. take the place of 代替 ……
Plastics have taken the place of many materials.
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