00015自考英语(二)语法精讲文档(十七)

发布时间:2019-08-28 23:21:38   来源:自考网
语法部分
时态
在英语中,通过不同的时态,表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况,要准确地使用不同的时态,关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点,所考查的主要是一般过去时,现在完成时,现在进行时,过去进行时。
三、现在完成时
1  .表达形式:主动语态  have / has done  ;被动语态  have / has been done
2  .基本用法:
1  )表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻,到说话时已完成,并与现在的情况有联系。
Ihave turned on the electric heater  (电热器)  in the room.
(  I turned on the electric heater,and the room is getting warm now.  )
He has taken away my reference book.
(  He took away my reference book, andnow I can’t use it.  )
选择:  The price   , but I doubt whether it will remainso.
A  .  went down B  .  will go down C  .  has gone down D  .  was going down
答案为  C  。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低,心怀疑虑,而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一动作引发的,故用现在进行时。
2  )表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在。可能刚结束,也可能继续下去。
Hehas been in Beijing for two years.
We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month.
自上个月我们分手以来,这里下了很多雨。
表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有  in the past  (  last  )  few years,ever since, so far, up to the present  (直到现在),  until now, in recent years  等。
选择:——  How are you today ?
——  Oh, I   as ill as I do now for a long time.
A  .  didn’t feel B  .  wasn’t feeling C  .  don’t feel D  .  haven’t felt
答案为  D  。译:我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是:今天我身体状况最差,而这以前情况基本正常,即  not feel ill  。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。
关于现在完成时,请注意以下三点:
1  )现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系,它强调的是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史,不复存在,与现在无关系。
He has worked in Paris for two years.  (现在人仍在巴黎。)
He worked in Paris for two years.  (现在人已不在巴黎。)
2  )可用句型  It is +  (一段时间)  + since  (主语)  +  (动词的过去时),解决瞬间动词不能与一段时间连用的矛盾。如:
It is ten years since he left Shanghai.
It is about two years since I got marriedto Jane.
3  )下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如:
It is thefirsttime  (  that  )  Ihave visitedChina.  我是我第一次访问中国。
This isthe most beautiful(形容词最高级)  city that Ihave everseen.  这是我见过的最美丽的城市。
四、过去完成时
1  .表达形式   主动语态  had done  ;被动语态  had been done
2  .基本用法
1  )在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。
例:  He said that he had arrived three days before.
2  )动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。
例:  By the time he came we had worked for two hours.
例  1  :——  Mary cameback yesterday.
——  Where   she   ?
A  .  had; been B  .  did; go C  .  has; been D  .  had; gone
答案为  A  。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前,她去过哪里”,属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。
例  2  :  Until then,his family   from him for two months.
A  .  didn’t hear B  .  hasn’t heard C  .  hadn’t heard D  .  heard nothing
译:到那个时候,他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。
答案为  C  。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候,而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种用法,应用过去完成时。
例  3  :用正确时态填空
I    (  mean  )  to go onMonday, but I have stayed at their request.
答案为  had meant  。动词  hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect  等,其过去完成时可表示“过去未曾实现的希望,打算或意图”。
五、现在进行时
1  .表达形式:主动形式:  am / is / are doing
被动形式  am / is / are being done
2  .基本用法
表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
The students are preparing for the entranceexam at present.
表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程,需要用现在进行时。
Selecting a mobile phone for perponal useis no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.
请注意以下两点:
1  .现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:一般现在时表示的动作,其特征为经常性;现在进行时表示的动作,其特征具有暂时性。  经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。
例:——  Is this raincoat yours ?
——  No, mine   there behind the door.
A  .  is hanging B  .  has hung C  .  hangs D  .  hung
答案为  A  。这段对话大多发生在下班,会议或社交活动结束后,人们各自找自己的雨具这样的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的,故用现在进行时。
2  .进行时与  always, continually, constantly, forever  等副词连用,作为一种修辞手段,用于表达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。
He isalways thinking of others.  他总是为别人着想。(赞扬)
At school he was constantly playingtrick on others.  在校读书时,他老是捉弄人。(厌恶)
词组:
241. have/hold ameeting   开会
It's urgent to have/hold a meeting about this matter.     242. take a message for   给某人带消息     Kate is not in. Shall I take message for her?     243. make a mistake   犯错误     It's nothing serious to make a mistake, as long as you realize it and correctit.     244. move on   继续前进     After a short rest the troop moved on towards east.     245. make a noise   发出噪声     Don't make a noise outside. The baby is still asleep.     246. take part in   参加活动     There are three hundred people taking part in the international conference.     247. pay… a visit   拜访     Next month, the president will pay a visit to a neighbor country.     248. pay back   还债     I worked hard in order to pay back what I owed to others.     249. pay for sth.   为   ……   付款     He'll have to pay for this foolish behavior.     250. pay off   把债还清     After ten years' hard work I finally paid off the debt.     251. pick out   辨别出;挑选     I looked about to pick out my friends in a crowd.     The coach intended to pick out some talented youngsters to the training team.     252. pick up   拾起来;不太费力地学得一种外语     This what I picked up on the beach this morning.     It's easy for a child to pick up a foreign language when abroad.     253. take one's place   代替某人     Mr. Samuel is sick, so his assistant came to take his place.     254. take place   发生     The story took place in a small village in 1950's.     255. take the place of   代替   ……     Plastics have taken the place of many materials.
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